Fundamentals of metallurgical production. Section 1 (1982)

Panorama of a metallurgical plant.

Statistics on pig iron production in the USSR. A steelmaker throws additives into a blast furnace.

Control panel for the blast furnace process.

Charge materials, agglomerate and pellets enter the blast furnace from agglomeration and pelletizing plants.

Unloading a wagon.

Coke enters from a coke plant or workshop.

A coke conveyor.

Blast is supplied from a blower station through a hot air heater.

Most of the finished pig iron is removed and poured into a mixer, from which the pig iron will be processed into steel.

Another portion of the liquid pig iron is fed to casting machines.

Slag is sent for granulation, and blast furnace gas to the cleaning system.

Conveyor with charge.

Modern blast furnaces operate only on prepared ores, enriched and agglomerated.

The blast furnace charge consists of agglomerate and pellets.

A train of special wagons with charge material arrives at the plant and unloads it into the receiving bins of the charge feeding system.

Coke is transported by conveyors.

View of the blast furnace.

At blast furnaces with a capacity of up to 2000 m3, charge materials are loaded into skips by wagon scales.

The main elements of the skip hoist are an inclined bridge, skips, and a winch.

A loaded skip moves up, an empty skip goes down.

In the extreme lower position, the skip is loaded.

Cartoon explaining the unloading of a skip and the further movement of the charge material.

Furnaces with a capacity of more than 2000 m3 have automated conveyor systems for feeding charge into skips.

Views of 5000 m3 blast furnaces at the Krivoy Rog and 3200 m3 blast furnaces at the Lipetsk Metallurgical Plant.

These furnaces are equipped with conveyor systems for feeding charge to the throat.

Charge materials are fed from the bunkers into weigh hoppers using screens.

According to the set furnace loading program, the collected portions of materials are unloaded onto the main conveyor of the blast furnace hoist.

Cartoon explaining the loading of the charge material into the furnace.

Cartoon explaining the structure of the blast furnace.

The smelting process requires a huge amount of air.

Blast is supplied to the blast furnace through air heaters by air blowers.

The air blower is a turbo compressor driven by a gas or steam turbine.

Cartoon explaining the supply of blast.

Regenerative air heater.

Cartoon explaining the design and operation of the air heater.

Four air heaters are installed to continuously supply blast to the furnace at a constant temperature.

Air duct for supplying blast to the furnace.

The straight air duct turns into a ring duct that encircles the furnace.

Blast enters the hearth of the blast furnace through a tuyere device.

Cartoon explaining the design and operation of the tuyere device.

The number of tuyeres, depending on the size of the furnace, can be from 18 to 42. In modern blast furnaces, the process of feeding and heating the blast is automated.

Cartoon explaining the process of increasing gas pressure in the working space of the furnace.

Cartoon explaining the principle of counterflow in the blast furnace process.

Chemical formulas of the process.

Cartoon explaining the chemical processes of iron reduction from agglomerate.

Chemical formulas for iron reduction.

Chemical compositions of pig iron and slag.

Pig iron and slag are tapped from the furnace through tapholes along the chutes of the casting yard.

Silhouette of a steelmaker against the background of pig iron tapping along the chutes.

The casting yard is an area near the furnace where mechanisms for servicing the tapholes and chutes are located.

Schemes of various casting yards.

An important job in a casting yard is preparing the troughs for tapping iron and slag.

Sections of burnt lining of the main trough are removed by crane.

The trough is cleaned using a grab.

The cleaned trough is filled with refractory mass, which is compacted using an electric vibratory rammer and then dried.

A trough ready for use is demonstrated.

To tap iron, the taphole is opened with a drilling machine.

A cartoon explaining the opening of a cast iron taphole.

Once the iron is tapped, the taphole is closed using an electric gun.

A cartoon explaining the action of the electric gun.

A special device consisting of a separating plate and a pass is provided for separating iron and slag in the main trough.

A cartoon explaining the separation process.

Single-spigot casting.

A special rocking chute allows pouring several ladles through one spout.

A cartoon explaining the process.

Liquid pig iron is transported in pig iron ladles lined with refractory bricks on the inside.

Most of the liquid pig iron is drained into the mixer of the steelmaking shop, which serves to accumulate and average the pig iron.

From the mixer, the pig iron will be processed into steel.

Some of the pig iron is fed to a conveyor machine for casting into pigs.

In old blast furnaces, slag was taken to waste heaps.

In modern blast furnaces, liquid slag is fed to a blast furnace granulation unit.

A cartoon explaining the granulation process.

The conveyor transports the mass after granulation to a warehouse.

From the warehouse, the granulated slag, a valuable building material, is loaded into rail cars.

The blast furnace gas coming out of the furnace is used as fuel for heating air heaters, as well as in other shops of the plant.

The gas is purified before use.

Cleaning is performed in three stages.

The first stage, coarse cleaning, is performed in a dust collector.

The dust collector demonstrated is 12 meters high and up to 15 meters in diameter.

A cartoon explaining the operation of the dust collector.

Semi-fine cleaning is performed in scrubbers.

Scrubber design.

A cartoon explaining the operation of the scrubber.

Fine gas cleaning is performed in expander pipes and throttles.

A cartoon explaining the fine cleaning process.

Blast furnace dust is used as an additive in the production of agglomerate.

Blast furnace process control panel.

Control devices allow blast furnace operators to correctly assess the smelting process.

The main blast furnace control panels have mnemonic diagrams providing information on the instantaneous state of the technological process and blast furnace equipment, including in digital form.

A number of blast furnaces are equipped with central information machines for automatic collection, processing and recording of control and measuring instrument readings and all information on the progress of the blast furnace process.

The information is printed on a form in a format convenient for blast furnace operators.

Measuring instruments.

The operator works at the computer center display.

Development of integrated automatic control.

Blast furnace operators discuss production problems.

View of the blast furnace.