Revolution and civil war in Russia (1908-1924)

Construction of a barricade of firewood on Palace Square in October 1917. V. I. Lenin speaking at the 3rd Congress of the Comintern in 1921. Panorama of Palace Square in October 1917, cadets at the post near the firewood barricade.

Trucks with soldiers in the back leaving Palace Square during the July events of 1917 in Petrograd.

Soldiers at the front in the trenches, rallies at the front in March 1917, fraternization with the enemy, faces of Russian and German soldiers.

Russian and German soldiers talking to each other.

Lenin taking a walk on the Kremlin grounds in October 1918 after recovering from being wounded, talking with V. D. Bonch-Bruyevich. L. D. Trotsky at the table in his office.

Lenin and Bonch-Bruyevich talking on the Kremlin grounds.

Peasants plough the land with a plough.

Kalinin M.I. among the peasants.

Arrival of the Soviet delegation in Brest-Litovsk for peace talks with the Germans, Kamenev L.B., Ioffe, Karakhan L.M. exit the carriage.

Radek K.B. stands by the automobile.

Members of the Soviet delegation by the carriage.

Trotsky exits the carriage, German officers greet him.

Members of the Soviet delegation walk through the territory of the Brest Fortress to the White Palace for talks.

Rallies in Berlin in October-November 1918. Victims of clashes with troops, panorama of the courtyard with the bodies of executed people.

Hindenburg P. and Ludendorff E. pass by, officials greet them.

Hindenburg over the map of military operations.

Kamenev L.B. among the delegates of one of the congresses of the RCP(b).

Lenin during a walk in the courtyard of the Kremlin in October 1918. German troops on the streets of Kyiv in the summer of 1918. Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Northern Region N. V. Tchaikovsky in his office.

A squadron of warships of the interventionists is moving.

Tchaikovsky talks with the American consul.

American soldiers who landed in the north of Russia in 1918 walk by.

Unloading sleds with the American flag.

Japanese warships in the port of Vladivostok.

Faces of Japanese admirals.

US President W. Wilson sits in a chair in his office.

American naval sailors in Vladivostok.

Foreign interventionists in Vladivostok.

Russian and foreign officers descend the stairs.

Parade of foreign troops.

General A. I. Denikin presents awards to soldiers of the Volunteer Army.

Chairman of the State Conference in Ufa N. D. Avksentyev talks with officers.

Ataman A. P. Bogaevsky mounts a horse and rides along the street of the village.

A cavalry unit of the White Army moves.

Panorama of part of the Moscow Kremlin, view of the Kremlin cathedrals.

Documents being checked at the entrance to the Kremlin.

Emperor Nicholas II with family members and officers of his convoy.

Photographs of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg and the basement in the house where the royal family was shot.

Trotsky speaks to the Red Army soldiers.

Vatsetis I.I. talks with the staff of the headquarters.

Vatsetis stands by the headquarters carriage.

General Brusilov A.A. sits at the table over a map.

Kamenev S.S. talks with Trotsky on Red Square during the May Day parade in the early 1920s.

Lenin among the participants of the mourning meeting during the funeral of Sverdlov Ya.M. March 18, 1919. Zinoviev G.E. at the funeral of Uritsky M.S. In Petrograd, the coffin is lowered into the grave.

Dzerzhinsky F.E. in the guard of honor at Lenin's coffin in January 1924. Demonstration in Kazan in 1918. Red Army soldiers with a banner near a train carriage.

Trotsky and Vatsetis stand near the staff carriage.

Trotsky reviews the parade of one of the Red Army units.

Kamenev L.B., Bukharin N.I., Sokolnikov G.Ya. during a meeting of one of the congresses of the RCP(b).

Old Bolsheviks at the Kremlin wall during the May Day demonstration.

Kerensky A.F. stands at the entrance to the building in 1917. Clemenceau J. talks with French generals.

Admiral Kolchak A.V. talks with officers during a trip to the troops in 1919. Kolchak visits one of the ships of the Siberian military flotilla, Kolchak inspects the ship's gun, walks along the line of the crew.

Kolchak inspects one of the Cossack units.

Representatives of the Tatar and Bashkir population offer Kolchak bread and salt.

The priest blesses the soldiers of Kolchak's army, sprinkles the line with holy water.

Clemenceau, Lloyd George D., Wilson V. leave the building.

The interventionists guard the captured Red Army soldiers, the faces of the prisoners.

The priest speaks to the soldiers of the Volunteer Army, gets into a car.

An armed steamer sails.

Kolchak disembarks from the steamer onto the shore.

Kolchak presents awards to the soldiers.

A queue for bread and boiling water in Petrograd, women with teapots are standing.

The Red Army soldiers let women with bags on their shoulders onto the train.

Lenin speaking at a memorial meeting on Red Square on the day of Sverdlov's funeral, March 18, 1919, panoramic view of part of the meeting.

Trotsky greeting the Red Army commanders near a train carriage during a tour of the fronts.

Infantry and artillery in position.

View of a funeral procession during the funeral of victims of the White Guard terror, people carrying wreaths.

Trucks with Red Army soldiers in the back drive by.

Cavalry attack in Kuban, cavalry operations on the fronts of the civil war.

Blowing up a bridge.

An officer standing near a dugout gives orders to his subordinates.

People near the remains of burnt-out houses.

Exhumation of the bodies of people shot by the Bolsheviks.

Soldiers walk along the walls of an Orthodox cathedral.

An opened reliquary with relics.

Relics thrown out of graves.

Soldiers put relics back into crypts and reliquaries.

Infantry and cavalry fighting on the fronts of the Civil War.

Demonstration in Yekaterinburg.

General Yudenich N.N. inspects troops during World War I. Unloading ammunition from the back of a truck.

Armored cars before being sent to the front lines, a mechanic closes the hood of an armored car.

Armored cars and motorcyclists drive along the road.

A cavalry unit prepares to advance, machine guns are loaded onto horses.

The cavalry moves, a column of armored cars marches.

Russian infantry takes up positions and rises to the attack during World War I. An armored car on the road, infantry in the trenches fire rifles and machine guns at the enemy.

Trotsky speaks to Red Army soldiers.

Detachments of sailors and mobilized workers go to defend Petrograd in October 1919, Trotsky delivers a speech standing in a car.

Checking the passes of sisters of mercy sitting in an ambulance.

A detachment of sailors passes by.

Russian infantry fighting during World War I. Machine gun crew firing, infantry attacking, wounded being carried off the battlefield.

Horse artillery moving into position.

Sailors on the streets of Petrograd.

Infantry fighting during World War I. Infantry chains advancing across a snow-covered field.

Machine gun crew taking position.

An airplane flying by.

Infantry fighting in winter conditions, cavalry attacking.

Trotsky presenting a battle flag to one of the Red Army units.

White Army cavalry and infantry fighting.

White Guard landing force landing on shore.

Soldiers on board a boat.

Wounded being loaded onto a boat.

Sailors firing a deck gun, shells exploding on the shore, wounded being loaded, soldiers in boats at the side of a ship, horses being unloaded from a vessel.

Trotsky on board a steamship during a trip along the Volga in 1918. People work on a subbotnik, digging the ground with shovels.

Peasants plough the landowners' land.

Kalinin M.I. on Red Square during the May Day celebrations in the early 1920s.

Lenin at the laying of the foundation of the monument to K. Marx on May 1, 1920. Stalin I.V. on Red Square during the parade in 1922. Delegates of the 2nd Congress of the Comintern pass under the arch erected near Smolny in Petrograd in July 1920. Delegates go to a session of the congress, Zinoviev speaks from the rostrum.

Zetkin K. speaks, Zinoviev, Rudzutak Ya.E. sit on the presidium.

Sen Katayama is among the delegates of one of the congresses of the Comintern.

Kalinin, Balabanova A.I., Radek speak from the rostrum at the 2nd Congress of the Comintern.

Delegates of the Congress speak, panorama of a part of the hall.

Lenin speaks from the rostrum at the 2nd Congress of the Comintern, Radek sits next to him, panorama of the hall.

Delegates of the 2nd Congress of the Comintern leave the Tauride Palace after the end of the session, among them Zinoviev and Radek.

Delegates on the Field of Mars in Petrograd at the graves of the victims of the revolution.

Lenin V.I. talks with the American economist Christensen P. in the courtyard of the Kremlin.

Faces of the rally participants.

Recruits in formation during drill exercises.

Delegates of the 2nd Congress of the Comintern on the Field of Mars in Petrograd.

Delegates laying a wreath on the graves of the victims of the revolution.

Lenin among the delegates of the 2nd Congress of the Comintern at the entrance to the Tauride Palace.

Lenin speaks at a rally on Palace Square in Petrograd during the days of the 2nd Congress of the Comintern, rally participants greet Lenin, panorama of the rally.

Lenin in his Kremlin office during a conversation with American journalist Eyre L. in January 1920.

Reindeer teams moving.

Camel caravan setting off.

Street views of Vladivostok in the early 20th century.

Views of St.

Petersburg and Moscow in the early 20th century.

Nicholas II and his entourage descending the stairs, the emperor getting into the carriage.

Nicholas II inspecting the formation of one of the guards units.

Officers congratulating the imperial family on one of the holidays, presenting bouquets of flowers, the Grand Duchesses and the heir Alexei Nikolaevich standing on the steps of the Tsarskoye Selo Palace.

Nicholas II and his wife leaving the church after the end of the service.

Ceremonial events to mark the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov.

Nicholas II on horseback.

Officers helping the heir to mount the saddle, the heir riding around the yard, dismounting from the horse, feeding it rusks.

Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich with staff officers.

Nikolai Nikolaevich during the maneuvers of the Guards Cavalry in 1911-1912. Nicholas II and members of his family during a vacation in Tsarskoye Selo, the emperor photographs the players.

Members of the imperial family play bowls, officers of the retinue are photographed with the Grand Duchesses.

Nicholas II during a ball game.

Nicholas II and members of the imperial family jump into the water at a running start, swim, and try to climb into a kayak.

A ceremonial procession with the participation of the emperor and members of his family during the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov.

Winter imperial hunt.

Cossack festival in Kuban, people dancing.

Tolstoy L.N. with his wife standing at the entrance to the house in 1908. Fishermen choosing nets.

Loading grain onto barges, female loaders.

Women washing clothes in an ice hole.

Faces of the beggars and the homeless.

Arrival of the revolutionary Breshko-Breshkovskaya E.K. From exile to Petrograd in 1917, view of one of the streets of Petrograd.

Demonstration of a Cossack attack on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin.

Nicholas II inspects his convoy, asks questions to the officers.

Nicholas II mounts his horse.

Nicholas II takes a parade of guards units.

Emperor Wilhelm II during a ride on maneuvers.

A German machine-gun unit during exercises.

Russian infantry fights at the beginning of World War I. Corpses of dead soldiers, wounded at the dressing station.

Fighting on the fronts of World War I, German infantry climbs out of a trench, tanks go on the attack, horse artillery overcomes a water obstacle.

A column of Austrian prisoners moves.

Delivery of wounded Russian soldiers to the hospital.

Corpses of Russian soldiers in the snow, corpses are thrown off a cart.

Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich and Nicholas II during a visit to Headquarters.

Nicholas II gets out of the car, General M.V. Alekseev gives him a report, Nicholas II talks to him.

Solemn prayers in the troops with the participation of Nicholas II. Soldiers rewind their foot wraps and pick lice out of their underwear.

Refugees sit by the wall of a house.

A peasant plows the land with a plough, women tie sheaves.

A queue for bread in Petrograd.

A woman with a child in her arms.

A view of a part of the spontaneous market.

Demonstrations in Petrograd in February 1917. Nicholas II in front of the formation.

The text of the announcement of the commander of the troops of the Petrograd District, General Khabalov.

Demonstration in Petrograd, trucks with soldiers drive through the streets.

Revolutionary soldiers on the streets of Petrograd.

A view of a part of the hall of the Tauride Palace during a session of the State Duma.

A rally at the Tauride Palace in March 1917. Soldiers of the reserve battalions of the guards regiments march through the streets of Petrograd to demonstrate.

Soldiers at the Tauride Palace shout "Hurray" and wave their caps.

Chairman of the State Duma M.V. Rodzianko signs a document.

A rally at the entrance to the State Duma, Rodzianko speaks to the soldiers.

Trucks with soldiers on the streets of Petrograd.

A meeting of one of the regimental committees.

People break prison bars.

A view of the destroyed prison in Shlisselburg.

The burning of the archives of the tsarist secret police on the street of Petrograd.

A soldier knocks down the symbol of imperial power - a double-headed eagle - from the facade of a house.

Bas-reliefs with double-headed eagles knocked down from buildings.

A red flag flutters.

A parade of a cavalry unit on foot.

Soldiers' demonstrations on the streets of Petrograd.

The faces of Guchkov A.I. and Shulgin V.V. Nicholas II in front of his convoy.

Text of Nicholas II's abdication.

Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich exits his carriage.

Text of Mikhail's abdication.

Panorama of part of the rally in Petrograd in March 1917. Liberation of political prisoners from prison.

Demonstration of freed political prisoners, an officer delivers a welcoming speech, they start rocking him.

Jubilant soldiers.

Funeral of the victims of the revolution on the Field of Mars, people carry coffins to the graves.

Panorama of the mass grave.

Funeral demonstration on the Field of Mars.

A military unit passes by.

Old revolutionaries Zasulich V.I. and Figne V.N. among the participants of the mourning event.

Rodzianko, Guchkov and Milyukov P.N. among the participants of the funeral.

Faces of the leaders of the Menshevik Party, among them - Tsereteli I.G. A detachment of armed workers passes by.

Purishkevich V.M. speaks at the rally.

Demonstration in Petrograd in support of the Constituent Assembly.

Milyukov among the members of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma on the porch of the Tauride Palace.

Meeting of the first composition of the Provisional Government.

Chairman of the Government Prince G.E. Lvov, Minister of Foreign Affairs Milyukov.

Faces of Chkheidze, Tsereteli, N.D. Avksentyev, L.B. Kamenev.

Faces of soldiers, soldier demonstrations, demonstrations with slogans for the continuation of the war.

Minister of Justice A.F. Kerensky stands by a car surrounded by officers and students.

Plekhanov G.V. gets out of the car, people greet him, Plekhanov's face.

The face of V.M. Chernov.

Kerensky speaks from the balcony of the building during one of the rallies.

People greet Kerensky, who has arrived for another rally.

Demonstration in Petrograd, Kerensky's face.

Demonstration under the slogan for the continuation of the war.

Demonstration on Nevsky Prospect.

Lenin V.I. speaks on Red Square during a memorial meeting on the day of Sverdlov's funeral.

Panorama of the May Day meeting on the Field of Mars in Petrograd in 1917, Kamenev speaks.

Trotsky L.D., standing on the step of a train car, gives a speech.

A meeting in one of the military units.

Officers walk along a trench.

The infantry rises to attack.

Bochkareva M. receives the parade of the Women's Death Battalion.

Demonstration in Petrograd.

Trotsky's face.

Lenin waits for a car after the end of a meeting of the congress on extracurricular education in 1919, Lenin in a car before leaving Red Square.

Commander of the Petrograd Military District General Kornilov L.G. receives a troop parade on Palace Square in 1917. A speaker speaks at a meeting in Petrograd.

Troops march along a street in Petrograd.

The cavalry rides by.

The face of Savinkov B.V. A rally in Moscow, the face of Kerensky.

Speakers speaking at soldiers' rallies.

The face of Dybenko P.E., Dybenko speaking to Red Army soldiers.

A speaker giving a speech at a rally in a village.

Trotsky speaking.

A detachment of Red Guards passing by.

A woman sticks leaflets on the wall of a house calling for people to vote in the elections to the Constituent Assembly, people read the leaflets in the street.

Lenin at the window.

Troops of the Provisional Government on Palace Square.

A unit of the Women's Death Battalion passing by.

Patrols at the entrance to Smolny.

Soldiers and Red Guards near armored cars.

The armored car "Lieutenant Schmidt".

Fighters of the Women's Battalion and a cadet near the Winter Palace.

Construction of a barricade of firewood on Palace Square in October 1971. Lenin V.I. speaking at a meeting of the 3rd Congress of the Comintern in 1921. Panorama of Palace Square in October 1917, cadets on duty at the wood barricade.

Trucks with soldiers in the backs leave Palace Square during the July events of 1917 in Petrograd.

Soldiers at the front in the trenches, rallies at the front in March 1917, fraternization with the enemy, faces of Russian and German soldiers.

Russian and German soldiers talking to each other.

Lenin on a walk on the territory of the Kremlin in October 1918 after recovering from injury, talking with V.D. Trotsky at the table in his study.

Lenin and Bonch-Bruyevich talking on the territory of the Kremlin.

Peasants plough the land with a plow.

Kalinin M.I. among the peasants.

Arrival of the Soviet delegation in Brest-Litovsk for peace talks with the Germans; Kamenev L.B., Ioffe, Karakhan L.M. exit the carriage; Radek K.B. stands by the automobile.

Members of the Soviet delegation by the carriage.

Trotsky exits the carriage; German officers greet him.

Members of the Soviet delegation walk through the territory of the Brest Fortress to the White Palace for talks.

Rallies in Berlin in October-November 1918. Victims of clashes with troops, panorama of the courtyard with bodies of executed people.

Hindenburg P. and Ludendorff E. pass by, officials greet them.

Hindenburg over a map of military operations.

Kamenev L.B. among delegates of one of the congresses of the RCP(b).

Lenin during a walk in the courtyard of the Kremlin in October 1918. German troops on the streets of Kyiv in the summer of 1918. Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Northern Region N. V. Tchaikovsky in his office.

A squadron of warships of the interventionists is moving.

Tchaikovsky talks with the American consul.

American soldiers who landed in the north of Russia in 1918 walk by.

Unloading sleds with the American flag.

Japanese warships in the port of Vladivostok.

Faces of Japanese admirals.

President of the United States V. Wilson sits in a chair in his office.

American naval sailors in Vladivostok.

Foreign interventionists in Vladivostok.

Russian and foreign officers are descending the stairs.

Parade of foreign troops.

General A. I. Denikin presents awards to soldiers of the Volunteer Army.

Chairman of the State Conference in Ufa N. D. Avksentyev talks with officers.

Ataman A. P. Bogaevsky mounts his horse and rides along the street of the village.

A cavalry unit of the White Army is moving.

Panorama of part of the Moscow Kremlin, view of the Kremlin cathedrals.

Document check at the entrance to the Kremlin.

Emperor Nicholas II with family members and officers of his convoy.

Photographs of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg and the basement in the house where the royal family was shot.

Trotsky speaking to the Red Army soldiers.

Vatsetis I.I. talking to staff members.

Vatsetis standing by the staff carriage.

General Brusilov A.A. sitting at a table over a map.

Kamenev S.S. talking with Trotsky on Red Square during the May Day parade in the early 1920s.

Lenin among the participants of the mourning meeting during the funeral of Sverdlov Ya.M. on March 18, 1919. Zinoviev G.E. at the funeral of Uritsky M.S. in Petrograd, the coffin is lowered into the grave.

Dzerzhinsky F.E. In the guard of honor at Lenin's coffin in January 1924. Demonstration in Kazan in 1918. Red Army soldiers with a banner near a train carriage.

Trotsky and Vatsetis stand near the staff carriage.

Trotsky reviews the parade of one of the Red Army units.

Kamenev LB, Bukharin NI, Sokolnikov GI during a meeting of one of the congresses of the RCP(b).

Old Bolsheviks at the Kremlin wall during the May Day demonstration.

Kerensky AF stands at the entrance to the building in 1917. Clemenceau J. talks with French generals.

Admiral Kolchak AV talks with officers during a trip to the troops in 1919. Kolchak visits one of the ships of the Siberian military flotilla, Kolchak examines the ship's gun, walks along the line of the crew.

Kolchak inspects one of the Cossack units.

Representatives of the Tatar and Bashkir population offer Kolchak bread and salt.

A priest blesses the soldiers of Kolchak's army, sprinkles the formation with holy water.

Clemenceau, Lloyd George D., Wilson V. leave the building.

The interventionists guard the captured Red Army soldiers, the faces of the prisoners.

The priest speaks in front of the soldiers of the Volunteer Army, gets into a car.

An armed steamer is sailing.

Kolchak disembarks from the steamer to the shore.

Kolchak presents awards to the soldiers.

A queue for bread and boiling water in Petrograd, women are standing with teapots.

Red Army soldiers let women with bags on their shoulders onto the train.

Lenin speaks at a funeral rally on Red Square on the day of Sverdlov's funeral on March 18, 1919, a panorama of part of the rally.

Trotsky greets the commanders of the Red Army near a train carriage during a trip to the fronts.

Infantry and artillery at their positions.

View of a funeral procession during the funeral of victims of the White Guard terror, people carry wreaths.

Trucks with Red Army soldiers in the back drive by.

Cavalry attack in Kuban, cavalry operations on the fronts of the civil war.

Blowing up a bridge.

An officer standing by a dugout gives orders to his subordinates.

People by the remains of burnt houses.

Exhumation of the bodies of people shot by the Bolsheviks.

Soldiers walk along the walls of an Orthodox cathedral.

An opened shrine with relics.

Relics thrown out of graves.

Soldiers put the relics back in crypts and shrines.

Infantry and cavalry operations on the fronts of the civil war.

Demonstration in Yekaterinburg.

General Yudenich N.N. inspects troops during the First World War.

Unloading ammunition from the back of a truck.

Armored cars before being sent to the front lines, a mechanic closes the hood of an armored car.

Armored cars and motorcyclists drive along the road.

A cavalry unit prepares to advance, machine guns are loaded onto horses.

Cavalry moves, a column of armored cars marches.

Russian infantry takes up positions and rises to the attack during World War I. An armored car on the road, infantry in the trenches fire rifles and machine guns at the enemy.

Trotsky speaks to Red Army soldiers.

Detachments of sailors and mobilized workers go to defend Petrograd in October 1919, Trotsky delivers a speech while standing in a car.

Checking the passes of sisters of mercy sitting in an ambulance.

A detachment of sailors passes by.

Russian infantry conducts combat operations during World War I. A machine-gun crew fires, the infantry rises to the attack, the wounded are carried from the battlefield.

Horse artillery moves into position.

Sailors on the streets of Petrograd.

The infantry conducts combat operations during World War I. Infantry chains advance across a snow-covered field.

Machine gun crew in position.

Airplane flies by.

Infantry fighting in winter conditions, cavalry attack.

Trotsky presents a battle flag to one of the Red Army units.

White Army cavalry and infantry fighting.

White Guard landing force.

Soldiers on board a boat.

Loading the wounded onto the boat.

Sailors firing a deck gun, shells exploding on the shore, loading the wounded, soldiers in boats alongside the ship, unloading horses from the vessel.

Trotsky on board a steamship during a trip along the Volga in 1918. People working on a subbotnik, digging the earth with shovels.

Peasants ploughing the landowners' land.

Kalinin M.I. on Red Square during the May Day celebrations in the early 1920s.

Lenin at the laying of the foundation of the monument to K. Marx on May 1, 1920. Stalin I.V. on Red Square during the parade in 1922. Delegates of the 2nd Congress of the Comintern pass under the arch erected near Smolny in Petrograd in July 1920. Delegates are walking to a session of the congress, Zinoviev is speaking from the rostrum.

Zetkin K. is speaking, Zinoviev, Rudzutak Ya.E. are sitting in the presidium.

Sen Katayama is among the delegates of one of the congresses of the Comintern.

Kalinin, Balabanova A.I., Radek are speaking from the rostrum at the 2nd Congress of the Comintern.

Delegates of the Congress are speaking, panorama of part of the hall.

Lenin is speaking from the rostrum at the 2nd Congress of the Comintern, Radek is sitting next to him, panorama of the hall.

Delegates of the 2nd Congress of the Comintern are leaving the Tauride Palace after the end of the session, among them are Zinoviev and Radek.

Delegates on the Field of Mars in Petrograd at the graves of the victims of the revolution.

Lenin V. I. in the courtyard of the Kremlin talking with the American economist Christensen P. Faces of the rally participants.

New recruits in formation during drill exercises.

Delegates of the 2nd Congress of the Comintern on the Field of Mars in Petrograd.

Delegates laying a wreath on the graves of the victims of the revolution.

Lenin among the delegates of the 2nd Congress of the Comintern at the entrance to the Tauride Palace.

Lenin speaking at a rally on Palace Square in Petrograd during the 2nd Congress of the Comintern, rally participants greeting Lenin, panorama of the rally.

Lenin in the Kremlin office during a conversation with the American journalist Eyre L. In January 1920.