Domestic and foreign newsreels of the first half of the 20th century (1912-1943)

Emperor Nicholas II greets the officers of the retinue during one of the holidays, members of his family are nearby.

Ceremonial exit of Nicholas II with his retinue, Nicholas II and members of his family get into the carriage, dancing actors in Harlequin and Columbine costumes.

Ceremonial event in the Moscow Kremlin during the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov, Nicholas II passes with members of his family, accompanied by a retinue.

The Empress passes with the heir and the Grand Duchesses, they are accompanied by the Grand Dukes.

Officers of His Majesty's Own Convoy greet the Empress, kiss her hand.

Nicholas II and members of his family get into the carriage.

Faces of beggars and peasants.

Women clean an irrigation trench with shovels, a peasant plows the land.

Women work loading salt.

Water carriers collect water from an ice hole in barrels.

Beggars at the markets in winter, faces of children.

Nicholas II and members of his family ride in a carriage, accompanied by an entourage.

Nicholas II, accompanied by officers, rides along the formation of one of the military units.

The unveiling of the monument to Alexander III in Moscow on Prechistenskaya Embankment in 1912, a military parade in honor of the unveiling of the monument, Nicholas II walks in front.

Nicholas II greets the passing troops, soldiers accompany a party of exiles, women walk by.

The religious procession and other church events with the participation of Nicholas II and members of his family.

Winter religious procession in one of the Russian cities.

Cossacks demonstrate a lava attack on the territory of the Kremlin.

Feature footage of the execution on the Odessa Steps from the film "Battleship Potemkin" and a walk of prisoners in the prison yard from the film "January 9".

Shackled convicts sentenced to hard labor walk by, women walk alongside them.

Feature footage of corporal punishment from foreign films.

Nicholas II and Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich among the officers of Headquarters in 1914-1915. Exercises in the German army, drill, physical training.

Demonstration of workers in London in 1912-1913, police holding back demonstrators.

Dispersal of the demonstration by mounted police.

Lenin V.I., waiting to speak at the 3rd Congress of the Comintern in 1921, sits on the steps in front of the tribune and makes notes.

View of the workshop for the manufacture of artillery barrels at one of the military factories (above).

The production process at military factories in Russia and Europe, the manufacture of various types of weapons and ammunition.

The wife of the German industrialist Krupp gets into the carriage.

The Krupp company stamp on the artillery barrel, the internal view of the rifling of the barrel.

Bringing a German long-range heavy gun into combat readiness.

German soldiers receive coffee before being sent to the front.

Soldiers board the carriages.

Farewell to soldiers of the countries participating in World War I at railway stations.

Nicholas II with the Empress on the balcony of the Winter Palace during a patriotic demonstration in Petrograd in August 1914, the participants of the demonstration greet the Emperor.

Russian mobilized and volunteers head to the barracks.

Russian soldiers at a halt, it is snowing, a panorama of the bivouac.

Combat operations on the Western and Eastern Fronts of World War I. English and Russian infantry attack, air combat, downed planes fall.

Infantry in the trenches during trench warfare.

Presentation of awards to officers of the German and British armies.

Clemenceau J. presents an award to a general.

The face of a wounded French soldier trying on a chin prosthesis.

Presentation of awards to English officers, production and demonstration of facial prostheses, trying on prostheses on the wounded.

The face of a wounded man with damaged eyes.

General Alekseev M.V. Gives a report to Nicholas II and Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich getting out of the car.

Officers during a sports competition in front of the Grand Duchesses and the Emperor, soldiers maimed at the front, the face of a wounded man.

A prayer service in one of the units of the Russian Guard, the face of a soldier who has lost his sight.

Combat operations on the fronts of World War I. Transportation of the wounded on quadruple stretchers, treatment of burns on the bodies of wounded soldiers.

German and Russian soldiers play the piano and pick lice out of their underwear during their rest.

Loading wounded Russian soldiers onto sleds to be sent to the rear.

German wounded at the railway station.

Bodies of those killed in battle.

People at a butcher's shop in one of the cities of Russia.

Nicholas II during a trip along the frontline zone.

Demonstrations in Petrograd in March-April 1917. Demonstration on Red Square in Moscow.

Nicholas II and Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich walk along the soldiers’ line.

Scenes from the feature film “October”, shooting at the July demonstration, destruction of the monument to Alexander III. Destruction of symbols of imperial power, a soldier knocks the double-headed eagle off the facade of a building with the butt of his rifle.

Demonstrations in Petrograd, distribution of leaflets.

Fire, ashes of burnt-out buildings.

General view of the meeting hall of the Tauride Palace (above), Chairman of the State Duma Rodzianko M.V. signs a document.

Rallies near the State Duma building, faces of Lvov G.E., Rodzianko, Milyukov P.N., Guchkov A.I. Stalin’s face I.V., Kamenev L.B. among members of the Petrograd Soviet in 1917. Kerensky A.F. stands by a car surrounded by students and officers.

Bochkareva M. applauds Kerensky, Kerensky’s face.

Lenin speaking on Red Square during the Vsevobuch holiday on May 25, 1919, panorama of one of the rallies, Stalin's face in 1922. Panorama of part of the May Day rally in 1917 on the Field of Mars.

Trotsky L.D. delivers a speech, standing on the step of a train carriage.

Kamenev and Zinoviev G.E. speak at a mourning rally on Red Square on the day of Sverdlov's funeral on March 18, 1919. View of part of the rally (from above), Kollontai A.M. speaks from the rostrum.

Rykov A.I., Dybenko P.E. speak at rallies.

Speeches by speakers at a soldiers' rally in 1917, Lenin speaks at the Vsevobuch holiday, view of part of the rally.

A red flag flutters, patrols at the entrance to Smolny in October 1917, armored cars in the courtyard, Trotsky signs documents.

Checking passes of sisters of mercy, soldiers' faces.

Trucks with soldiers drive through the streets of Petrograd in March 1917. Trotsky signs documents.

A sign above the gates of the Putilov Factory, action shots from the film "October", Red Guards ride in the back of a truck, the storming of the Winter Palace.

Lenin during a conversation with the American journalist Eyre L. in 1920. Trotsky's face.

Soldiers' rallies at the front in February-March 1917, fraternization of Russian and German soldiers.

Soldiers throw down their rifles.

Arrival of the Soviet delegation in Brest-Litovsk for peace talks with the Germans, Kamenev L.B., Ioffe A.A., Karakhan L.M. exit the carriage.

Radek K.B. stands by the car.

Members of the Soviet delegation talk with German representatives.

Lenin speaks from the rostrum in the Tauride Palace at the 2nd Congress of the Comintern in July 1920, Radek sits next to him, Trotsky speaks at the Moscow meeting of the 2nd Congress of the Comintern, panorama of part of the meeting room.

Delegates of the 2nd Congress of the Comintern during the meeting in the Tauride Palace, among them Zinoviev with Italian delegates.

Workers' demonstration in Italy, raising the red flag over the gates of the enterprise.

Armed workers guard the gates of the plant, rallies and demonstrations in support of Soviet Russia in the cities of Europe.

Demonstration and holiday in Budapest in 1919, Bela Kun speaks.

Admiral Horthy among generals and officers.

Hindenburg P. inspects the formation of soldiers, military parade of the Reichswehr.

Bulgarian Tsar Boris inspects the troops.

Arrested Bulgarian communists, execution by hanging.

March of the Blackshirts in Rome in the early 1920s, fascist demonstration in Italy.

Mussolini B. speaks from the balcony of a building during a fascist rally, the banner of one of the fascist organizations in Italy.

Joint parade of interventionist troops and Russian White Guards.

White Guard and foreign generals inspect the guard of honor, then kiss the icon.

Soldiers of the interventionist troops demonstrate examples of military uniform.

Variety show actresses perform in front of the military, the face of a Japanese general.

Japanese and American officers greet each other.

General Wrangel P.N. stand by a train carriage.

Cavalry attack across a field, burning villages.

Victims of White Guard terror in Siberia.

General Denikin A.I. among officers.

Execution of captured Red Army soldiers, bodies of the killed in a pit.

German soldiers guard Russian prisoners.

Parade on Red Square.

Trotsky speaks from the rostrum, panorama of the rally.

Faces of Red Army soldiers.

The First Cavalry Army on the offensive, action shots from the film "Chapayev", the Red Cavalry attacks in winter conditions.

Attack of the Red Cavalry in Crimea.

Loading sacks of grain onto a train.

Stalin's face.

Sorting and loading potatoes into wagons.

Budyonny S.M. speaks at a rally in front of the soldiers of the 1st Cavalry Army in 1920, Voroshilov K.E. stands next to him.

Kalinin M.I. speaks in front of the soldiers of the 1st Cavalry Army, Voroshilov and Budyonny stand next to him.

Arrival of Trotsky's train at the station, Trotsky inspects the guard of honor.

A sentry by a carriage of the propaganda train.

Trotsky receives a report from one of the commanders.

Faces of those mobilized into the Red Army.

Trotsky addresses the Red Army soldiers.

Russian infantry fights in winter conditions in 1914. The Red Cavalry rides through a populated area, faces of local residents.

Cavalrymen lead their horses to a watering hole.

A military orchestra plays.

A parade on Red Square in the early 1920s, Trotsky and S.S. Kamenev greet the troops.

Lenin at the laying of the foundation of the monument to Marx on May 1, 1920. Parade on Red Square.

Faces of Trotsky, Stalin, Voroshilov, Lenin.

General view of Red Square during the parade.

Heavy tanks on Red Square during the parade on May 1, 1925. A tank at the firing range.

Plowing a field with a captured English tank, the face of the driver-mechanic.

Homeless children in search of food, the faces of children.

Children eat bark and forage during the famine in the Volga region, faces of starving children.

View of part of the refugee camp from the starving provinces of the Volga region.

People in carriages and railway stations await the departure of the train.

Medical care for refugees, a doctor vaccinates people.

Views of the refugee camp, people live in abandoned locomotive boilers.

A convoy with food passes through the streets of Moscow in winter.

People clean snow from the streets.

Panorama of the Winter Palace in the early 1920s, a sleigh drives along Palace Square, view of the Alexandrovskaya Column.

A shell explodes over a barbed wire fence.

Units of the Red Army attack the Kronstadt forts across the ice in 1921, riflemen and machine gunners fire.

Ships in Kronstadt, frozen into the ice, Dybenko speaks to the Red Army soldiers.

Faces of peasants, delivery of grain under the food tax.

A butcher cutting up a carcass, a display window of a private butcher's shop after the introduction of the New Economic Policy (NEP).

General view of one of the markets, people listening to a gramophone.

Hand trading on the street.

General view of the market (above).

Faces of rally participants.

Lenin in a car before leaving Red Square on May 1, 1920. Lenin shaking hands with one of the participants of the Vsevobuch holiday from the side of a truck.

Lenin at the Vsevobuch holiday in 1919 and among the delegates of the 2nd Congress of the Comintern in July 1920. The destroyer Trotsky fires a funeral salute on the day of Lenin's funeral on January 27, 1924. Lenin in a coffin in the Column Hall of the House of Unions in January 1924, a funeral rifle and artillery salute.

Factory horns, a stopped tram, a peasant's face at the moment of Lenin's body being buried in the mausoleum, newspaper reports of Lenin's death.

View of a house in Gorki.

Funeral procession with Lenin's coffin from a house in Gorki to Gerasimovka station.

View of one of Moscow's streets during the days of farewell to Lenin (above), Red Army soldiers with banners.

Departure of the funeral train from Gerasimovka station, journey to Moscow, people meet the funeral train at small stations, stand along the railroad tracks.

Arrival of the train at Paveletsky (Saratovsky) railway station, meeting the train.

Unloading the coffin with Lenin's body and banners from the carriage, V.M. Molotov supports the coffin.

Stalin, Kamenev, M.P. Tomsky, Kalinin, Bukharin carry the coffin with Lenin's body.

People on the streets of Moscow.

Kalinin, Bukharin, Tomsky and others carry the coffin with Lenin's body up the stairs of the Column Hall.

Fragments of the funeral decoration of the Column Hall.

The guard of honor of the Red Army and Navy men.

Ulyanova-Elizarova A.I., Ulyanova M.I., Stalin, Zinoviev, Tomsky, Kalinin, Krupskaya N.K. stand by Lenin's coffin.

Evdokimov speaks at the funeral meeting on Red Square on the day of Lenin's funeral, views of the meeting.

Lenin in the coffin in the Column Hall of the House of Unions.

Stalin, Krupskaya, Zinoviev in the Column Hall.

People walk past the coffin with Lenin's body, Lenin in the coffin, Krupskaya's face.

Panorama of part of the funeral meeting on Red Square on the day of Lenin's funeral, faces of the rally participants, cadets with a banner.

One of the funeral delegations passes by.

A delegation of cadets from the Naval Command School passes by Lenin's coffin.

Funeral delegations pass by the coffin.

Dzerzhinsky F.E. in the guard of honor at Lenin's coffin, Lenin in the coffin.

Stalin and Kamenev, Radek, Rykov, Zinoviev, Ordzhonikidze G.K., Kalinin, Tomsky, Bukharin in the guard of honor.

Red flags are raised, a view of Stalin's statue in the 1930s, paintings depicting Stalin.

Stalin, Kamenev, Bukharin during the work of the 12th Congress of the RCP(b).

Trotsky at the table in the office.

Stalin's face, Radek during the next congress of the Comintern in Moscow.

Bukharin, Kamenev in the presidium of the congress.

Panorama of the rally and demonstration, faces of the rally participants.

The OGPU convoy lines up in front of the courthouse.

View of the demonstration.

Demonstration on Red Square on November 7, 1924, view of the mausoleum.

Columns of demonstrators on the streets of Moscow.

Stalin's face.

The face of Trotsky giving a speech.

Landscapes outside the train car window.

Trotsky at his villa in Mexico in 1940. Molotov, Stalin, Kalinin, Voroshilov, Kaganovich at the Tushino air show in the early 1930s.

Demonstrators in Moscow in caricature masks of priests and capitalists.

May Day demonstration on Red Square, a model of a tractor, artists on a truck platform, demonstrators carrying a portrait of Stalin.

Stalin in the Kremlin.

Kaganovich, Kirov, Ordzhonikidze, Kalinin, Stalin, Voroshilov during a meeting in the Kremlin.

View of the sculpture "Worker and Kolkhoz Woman".

Construction of the Turksib, production process in the foundry of a metallurgical plant.

Stalin, Voroshilov and Kirov during a trip along the White Sea-Baltic Canal.

Views of industrial enterprises, Molotov listening to an engineer's explanations, finished products of tractor factories.

Tractors leaving for plowing.

Peasants with scythes walking, harvesting on a collective farm.

Physical culture parade at the stadium, applauding spectators, Stalin among delegates in the Kremlin.

Faces of refugees from starving provinces in 1921, view of part of the refugee camp near the railway station.

Faces of village women.

Weighing of grain confiscated from peasants.

Rural meetings and rallies dedicated to the fight against grain hoarders, faces of rally participants.

A speaker speaking, people holding caricature portraits of grain hoarders.

Collectivization of agricultural equipment.

A sled train loaded with agricultural implements passes by.

Panorama of the station square with people gathered there to be sent to other areas.

People boarding carriages, leaving the station.

Panorama of an empty village, ownerless horses on the street.

A line of people with things in their hands moves along the road.

Products in the windows of grocery stores.

View of the confectionery department of a bakery, customers at the counter.

Restaurant patrons sitting down at a table, view of a jar of black caviar.

Cars on the streets of Moscow.

Gramophones and musical instruments in a store window, customers in the perfume department, a woman getting a manicure.

Women working on sorting coal, miners strengthening the vaults in the coalface, the process of coal mining in Soviet mines.

A meeting of the commission of the House of Models in Leningrad, models demonstrating headdresses and samples of women's dresses.

Construction of one of the industrial enterprises in the year of the First Five-Year Plan, people with hand wheelbarrows, concrete and earthworks.

Prisoners leaving the gates to work on a construction site, a guard checking their passes.

Views of construction sites of Soviet industrial enterprises during the First Five-Year Plan, construction of railways, laying rails on sleepers.

Rally to mark completion of railway construction.

Passenger trains are running.

View of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station dam, workers' faces during a rally.

Oil workers congratulate each other on the first oil produced at one of the new fields, panorama of the oil field.

A speaker speaks at a rally to mark the launch of a new plant, workers listen to the speaker, an orchestra plays, general view of the rally.

Issuance of the first cast iron in the foundry.

Views of the foundry and weaving shops, a poster near the machines.

Everyday life and work of the inhabitants of Southeast Asia, people pulling a boat along the river.

Chinese peasants plough a field, harnessing themselves to a plough.

Plowing a rice field.

A foot-operated junk, everyday life of Chinese peasants.

Children near a passenger train in China.

Unrest on the streets of Chinese cities in the first half of the 1920s.

During the famine, people try to break into the warehouse building, catching the food supplies thrown to them with their hands.

Stalin speaks from the rostrum in the Kremlin.

Demonstrations on the streets of Chinese cities.

A speaker speaks at a rally, people listen to him, people's faces.

Chiang Kai-shek speaks from the rostrum in front of soldiers.

Mao Zedong and other speakers at rallies, a panorama of the rally.

Stalin, Kalinin in the robes they gave him during a reception in the Kremlin for a delegation from the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR in 1936. Chiang Kai-shek greets the troops from the rostrum.

Punitive operations by Chiang Kai-shek's troops in Chinese cities in the second half of the 1920s, executions of communists, people near the corpses of their relatives shot by the punitive forces.

Statues in a destroyed Buddhist temple.

Soldiers of the People's Liberation Army of China (PLA) carry the wounded on stretchers.

PLA units on a campaign, with them peasants, driving cattle.

Refugees leave villages, a girl crawls on her knees.

PLA units conduct military operations against Kuomintang troops.

Soldiers pass through a populated area.

View of hilly terrain along which PLA units are moving (top).

Mao Zedong among commanders in one of the liberated regions of China in the 1930s.

Hindenburg gets into a car in the early 1930s.

Hitler A. goes to one of the pre-election rallies.

Stalin speaks from the rostrum at a pre-election meeting at the Bolshoi Theater in 1937. Communist rallies and demonstrations in Germany in the early 1930s.

Thälmann speaks at a rally in Berlin, panorama of the rally.

Clashes between demonstrators and the police in Berlin.

Participants in a Nazi rally with swastika banners, stormtroopers marching through the streets of Berlin.

National Socialist election campaigning, views of a rally in support of Hitler in 1933, Hitler speaking from the rostrum, panorama of the rally.

Krupp G. on the rostrum at the moment of removing the covers from the portrait of Wilhelm II and the bust of Hitler, view of the bust and portrait, a violin orchestra playing, Krupp descending from the rostrum.

Krupp presents Hitler with a welcoming address, Hitler's face, Hitler thanks Krupp for the address and the gift of a knife.

Himmler G. and Hitler review the parade of the SS troops, Hitler greets the SS men passing through the square, the orchestra of the SS regiment enters the square.

Italian soldiers, standing in formation, sing the anthem, face of Mussolini singing.

Mussolini greets the troops.

The artist finishes painting Mussolini's portrait, Mussolini examines his own portrait, the cameraman is filming.

Mussolini observes the actions of the troops during maneuvers, listens to the explanations of an officer.

Hitler and Mussolini greet the participants of the rally in Rome from the balcony of the palace, panorama of the rally.

Hitler and Mussolini watch the exit of the Italian military unit to the square.

Cossack of the Don cavalry unit of the Red Army, combs his moustache in front of a pocket mirror, Cossacks polish weapons and chest badges.

People on the streets of Soviet cities, rest in the Park of Culture, people are photographed, faces of girls.

Voroshilov K.E. and Tukhachevsky M.N. during military maneuvers.

Airborne troops at the airfield preparing to take off to the drop point during maneuvers, board the plane.

Airplane taking off.

Molotov V.M. among children, children watch the flight of the plane.

Paratroopers on the wing of the plane before the jump during maneuvers in 1936. Drop of airborne troops, parachute domes in the sky.

Scenes from performances on the stage of Soviet theaters, actors' faces.

Mikhoels S.M. in the dressing room and on the stage.

Stalin, Kirov, Kalinin, Molotov on the mausoleum tribune during the physical culture parade on Red Square.

Kirov walks around the rows of parade participants.

Voroshilov, Stalin, Molotov, Kalinin, Ordzhonikidze on the mausoleum tribune, general view of Red Square during one of the parades (above).

Faces of Stalin, Voroshilov, Kirov.

Stalin, Voroshilov, Molotov, Kaganovich, Mikoyan, Krupskaya, Khrushchev in the honor guard at Ordzhonikidze's coffin in the Column Hall of the House of Unions in February 1937. Ordzhonikidze's weeping widow, people carry funeral wreaths.

Stalin, Voroshilov, Andreyev, Zhdanov carry the urn with Ordzhonikidze's ashes to Red Square, faces of the participants in the funeral meeting.

Burial of the urn in the Kremlin wall.

The face of Gorky A.M. The funeral procession with the urn with Gorky's ashes moves to Red Square in June 1936. Funeral portrait of Ordzhonikidze and pillows with awards.

Voroshilov and Stalin in the honor guard at Ordzhonikidze's coffin, Ordzhonikidze's relatives.

Funeral meeting in Moscow on the day of Ordzhonikidze's funeral, panorama of the meeting on Red Square.

Stalin and Voroshilov during a minute of silence.

Funeral meeting at the plant, an armored car with Ordzhonikidze's name.

Night demonstration in Moscow demanding the execution of traitors and enemies of the people, Budyonny S.M., Molotov greet the participants of the demonstration.

One of the trials against the opposition and Trotskyists in the second half of the 1930s, views of the courtroom.

One of the defendants is brought in.

The judges are in their seats, people's faces in the courtroom.

A night demonstration in Moscow demanding the death penalty for the defendants, the leaders of the USSR welcome the demonstration.

People's faces in the courtroom, views of the courtroom, prosecution witnesses speaking.

Speakers speaking at rallies dedicated to the trials of the second half of the 1930s.

Stalin greeting the participants of the night demonstration in Moscow, demonstrators' faces.

Antonov-Ovseenko V.A. as part of the court, people's faces in the courtroom.

A demonstration on the streets of Moscow on November 7, 1937, Vyshinsky A.Ya. speaks at one of the trials, view of the demonstration on Red Square (above).

Trotsky reads one of his articles aloud in Mexico.

Kaganovich, Stalin, Molotov walk through the Kremlin, view of the mausoleum.

Stalin on the mausoleum tribune, planes flying over Red Square.

Gamarnik Ya.B., Tukhachevsky M.N., Egorov A.I., Budyonny S.M. walk along the wall of the mausoleum, Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov on the mausoleum tribune.

Military parade on Red Square, view of Red Square (from above).

USSR leaders and military commanders on the mausoleum tribune (general view), Stalin's face, buglers giving a signal.

Yagoda G.G., Budyonny, Tukhachevsky, Stalin, Yezhov N.I. on the mausoleum tribune, view of part of Red Square.

Face of a Red Navy sailor, view of Red Square (from above).

Stalin on the mausoleum tribune, Red Navy sailors standing in parade formation, view of part of Red Square.

Performance by the Alexandrov Ensemble.

Delegates of one of the congresses of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) applaud, Stalin speaks from the tribune.

Performance of the Alexandrov Ensemble, delegates applaud, Kalinin, Stalin speak from the rostrum, delegates vote by raising their mandates, Budyonny applauds, the face of Dimitrov G.M. Views of parts of the Moscow Kremlin at night.

Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov vote at a polling station.

Stalin's reception in the Kremlin of delegations of the union and autonomous republics in January 1936, presentation of gifts, Stalin with Gela Markizova in his arms, delegates applaud, Stalin gives an autograph to M. Nakhangova on his photograph, talks with M. Demchenko, Stalin among participants of the conference of collective farm shock workers, Stalin with members of the Armenian delegation, hugs the delegates.

Demonstration and physical culture parade on Red Square, portraits of Stalin in the hands of demonstrators, Stalin, Kalinin and members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on the rostrum of the mausoleum, models of tanks on Red Square, participants in one of the physical culture parades pass by, trucks with a swimming pool, horizontal bars, and a boxing ring drive by, Stalin and Voroshilov on the rostrum of the mausoleum, participants in the physical culture parade perform gymnastic exercises and greet the leaders of the USSR, faces of representatives of the union republics.

Rally of Spanish phalangist officers.

Military operations during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939, faces of Franco F., Mussolini, Hitler.

Franco speaks to the military, demonstrations of Republicans in the cities of Spain.

Volunteers receive weapons during the defense of Madrid, Republican units and barricades on the streets of the city.

Ibarruri D. leads the demonstration.

Spanish Republican soldiers and fighters of the International Brigades leave for the front, rallies and demonstrations in Spain.

Arrival of Soviet military cargo at a Spanish port, arrival of Soviet cargo ships in Spain.

Fighting in Spain during the civil war, barricades on city streets, destroyed building, streets of Madrid during the days of the city's defense, evacuation of the wounded from the front lines.

Fighters of the Republican Army taken prisoner by Franco's forces.

View of the cemetery of fighters of the International Brigades, nameplates on the graves.

Hitler greets the stormtrooper commanders during one of the Nazi events, faces of the stormtrooper standard-bearers.

Ribbentrop I.'s departure for Moscow in 1939. Meeting of Molotov and Ribbentrop in the Kremlin.

Molotov and Ribbentrop signing the treaty between the USSR and Germany, Stalin's face, signatures under the treaty.

View of a burning city block during the fighting in Poland in September 1939. German troops fighting in Poland, motorized column passing, infantry among ruins.

Meeting of German and Soviet soldiers at the demarcation line in Poland.

German officer demonstrates the text of the Red Army greeting to the Soviet commander.

Stalin's face.

Trotsky in the coffin in 1940. Views of the office where Trotsky was killed.

Farewell to Trotsky's body, honor guard at the coffin.

Arrival of Molotov's train at the station in Berlin in November 1940. Ribbentrop and representatives of the German Foreign Ministry greet Molotov at the carriage.

Molotov and Ribbentrop inspect the honor guard.

Molotov and Ribbentrop during negotiations and a ceremonial reception.

Sending goods to Germany by rail, loading grain.

Hitler's face, Hitler takes the parade.

Panorama of a burning village, German soldiers on the streets of European cities.

View of the Eiffel Tower in German-occupied Paris in 1940, a Nazi flag being installed on the tower, faces of German soldiers.

The face of Hitler speaking at a Nazi rally.

German troops fighting in the USSR in June 1941, German tanks on the march.

Women providing assistance to wounded Red Army soldiers.

A woman setting fire to the thatched roof of a house, a view of a burning village, grain burning in a field.

A convoy of refugees moving along the road, a panorama of the frontline area.

Views of burning villages, destroyed houses and factories.

Red Army soldiers surrendering, a wounded man passing by.

Captured Red Army soldiers with their hands raised, a column of captured Red Army soldiers moving.

An observation post on the roof of a Moscow house in November 1941, a view of Red Square (from above).

Defensive structures and barricades on the streets of besieged Moscow.

Making tree trunk abatis in the forests near Moscow.

Stalin speaking from the Mausoleum tribune during the parade on November 7, 1941, panorama of part of Red Square.

Soviet cavalry attack near Moscow in December 1941, troops in parade formation on Red Square.

Soviet artillery preparing to open fire on the enemy, a ski battalion passes, troops moving along the streets of Moscow.

Street views of besieged Leningrad, an anti-aircraft gun near St.

Isaac's Cathedral, everyday life of Leningraders in the winter of 1941-1942, people collecting water from ice holes in the Neva, clearing rubble.

Panorama of Fallen Fighters Square in Stalingrad in the winter of 1942-1943. Soviet and German troops fighting in the streets and houses of Stalingrad, a Soviet sniper firing.

Meeting of Soviet troops in the Kalach area during the counteroffensive at Stalingrad, advancing tanks and infantry.

German soldiers surrendering, faces of captured Germans.

Field Marshal Paulus F. surrendering.

A column of German prisoners moving across the steppe.